Redefining the Poor and Needy and Productive Zakat as an Economic Empowerment Instrument in Indonesia

Abstract

Poverty is a multidimensional problem that is not only related to economic deprivation but also encompasses limited access to education, healthcare, and social participation. In the context of zakat, determining the categories of fakir and miskin is fundamental to ensuring accurate and equitable distribution. However, classical definitions used by the fuqaha are often inadequate when confronted with the structural nature of modern poverty. This study aims to formulate an operational redefinition of fakir and miskin by integrating classical fiqh concepts with contemporary poverty indicators, as well as analyzing the legality and relevance of productive zakat from the perspectives of ushul fiqh and fiqh taqnin. This research employs a qualitative method with a normative approach through the study of fiqh literature, zakat regulations, and recent empirical findings. The results indicate that a redefinition of fakir and miskin that integrates classical perspectives, maqāṣid al- sharī‘ah, and modern indicators such as the MPI and poverty line enables more accurate identification of zakat recipients. Moreover, productive zakat has been proven effective in increasing income and economic independence among recipients based on various empirical studies, although it still requires stronger regulatory support at the statutory level. Thus, this integrative approach can enhance the effectiveness of zakat as an instrument of social justice and economic empowerment