Embryonic Developmental Response of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to Different Aquatic Incubation Media
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31958/js.v17i1.15779Keywords:
Embryonic development, tilapia, incubation water, rice field water, larva viability.Abstract
This study examined the comparative effects of pond water and rice field water on the embryonic development and larval viability of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 300 fertilized eggs were incubated under controlled laboratory conditions using two distinct water sources, each replicated three times. Embryonic development was observed microscopically at 30-minute intervals, with documentation of cleavage, blastula, gastrula, organogenesis, and hatching stages. The results showed that embryos incubated in rice field water experienced significant developmental delays, irregular morphogenesis, and lower hatching rates (73.2%) compared to those in pond water (98.7%). Larvae from the rice field water group exhibited reduced motility, abnormal morphology, and higher post-hatching mortality. These adverse effects were attributed to physicochemical stress factors such as reduced dissolved oxygen, pH fluctuation, and potential agrochemical contaminants in rice field water. The study underscores the importance of water quality management in hatchery operations and recommends pretreatment or quality assessment of rice field water prior to use in aquaculture, especially in integrated farming systems.References
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Brinkmann, M., Schneider, A. L., Bluhm, K. (2019). Ecotoxicity of Nitrogen, Sulfur, or Oxygen Heterocycles and Short‐Chained Alkyl Phenols Commonly Detected in Contaminated Groundwater. Environmental.https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4423
Brinkmann, M., Schneider, A. L., Bluhm, K., Schiwy, S.(2019). Ecotoxicity of NSO-heterocycles (NSO-HET) and short-chained alkyl phenols (SCAP) commonly detected in contaminated groundwater. trsjhywj.com. https://www.trsjhywj.com/harvest/bitstream/handle/10388/15146/brinkmann_et_al_2019%282%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Cormier, B., Cachot, J., Blanc, M., Cabar, M.(2022). Environmental microplastics disrupt swimming activity in acute exposure in Danio rerio larvae and reduce growth and reproduction success in chronic.Environmental journal .https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749122009356
Dadiono, M. S., & Widodo, M. S. (2022). Application for Handling Hybrid Grouper Eggs (Epinephelus lanceolatus x Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Journal of AquacultureDevelopment. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muh-Sulaiman Dadiono/publication/362229484_Application_for_Handling_Hybrid_Grouper_Eggs_Epinephelus_lanceolatus_x_Epinephelus_fuscoguttatus/links/62de1a4baa5823729ee0a5a7/Application-for-Handling-Hybrid-Grouper-Eggs-Ep
Gutierrez-Lovera, C., Martínez-Val, J.(2019). In vivo toxicity assays in zebrafish embryos: a pre-requisite for xenograft preclinical studies. Toxicology https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2019.1611980
Jia, Y., Schmid, C., Shuliakevich, A., & ... (2019). Toxicological and ecotoxicological evaluation of the water quality in a large and eutrophic freshwater lake of China. Science of the Total. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719309477
Khosim, N., Latuconsina, H., & Suhada, R. A. (2023). Perkembangan Embrio dan Rasio Penetasan Telur Ikan Zebra Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) di Instalasi Perikanan Budidaya Punten Batu (Embryo academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/download/110454103/160.pdf
Laisk, T., Tšuiko, O., Jatsenko, T., Hõrak, P. (2019). Demographic and evolutionary trends in ovarian function and aging. Human Reproduction. https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article-abstract/25/1/34/5139679
Lotfy, D., Allam, S., Zied, R. M. A. (2022). levels of dietary germinated corn embryo powder on reproductive performance, physiological measurements of Nile tilapia brood-fish Oreochromis niloticus and Mediterranean https://maj.journals.ekb.eg/article_270268.html
Malafaia, G., de Souza, A. M., Pereira, A. C., & (2020). Developmental toxicity in zebrafish exposed to polyethylene microplastics under static and semi-static aquatic systems. Science of the Total https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719348594
Maulana, F., Sudrajat, A. O., Permana, A. (2023). Male sex ratio of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. after soaking in different concentrations of coconut milk at larvae stadia. Jurnal Akuakultur https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jai/article/view/46018
Merola, C., Perugini, M., Conte, A., Angelozzi, G. (2020). Embryotoxicity of methylparaben to zebrafish (Danio rerio) early-life stages. and Physiology Part C https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532045620300922
Moura, M. T., Latorraca, L. B., & Paula-Lopes, F. F. (2021). Contextualizing autophagy during gametogenesis and preimplantation embryonic development. International Journal. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/12/6313
Muliari, M., Zulfahmi, I., Akmal, Y. (2019). Effects of palm oil mill effluent on reproductive hormone of female nile tilapia, oreochromis niloticus (linnaeus 1758). Adv. Anim. https://www.nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/files/AAVS_7_11_1035-1041.pdf
Muliari, M., Zulfahmi, I., Akmal, Y., Karja, N. W. K.(2020). Toxicity of palm oil mill effluent on the early life stages of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758). Science and Pollution https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09410-y
Namiki, T., Ito, J., & Kashiwazaki, N. (2018). Molecular mechanisms of embryonic implantation in mammals: Lessons from the gene manipulation of mice. Reproductive Medicine and https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.12103
Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, P. D., Quetin-Leclercq, J., & ... (2021). Developmental toxicity of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum turcz ethanol extract in zebrafish embryo. Journal of https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874120334267
Nilén, G., Obamwonyi, O. S., Liem-Nguyen, V., Engwall, M.(2022). Observed and predicted embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of organic and inorganic environmental pollutants and their mixtures in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X22001011
Nurlian, R. (2020). Daya Tetas Telur Dan Abnormalitas Larva Ikan Nila, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) Yang Dipapar Timbal (Pb). repository.ar-raniry.ac.id. https://repository.ar-raniry.ac.id/id/eprint/14219/
O’rourke, J. P. (2019). Toward a science of vocabulary development. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en%5C&lr=%5C&id=GGSMDwAAQBAJ%5C&oi=fnd%5C&pg=PA8%5C&dq=embryo+fish+nila+o%5C&ots=EepYiYehVE%5C&sig=u-yQnQoRNOaoESTYZ7CAYlIEuLs
Pereira, A. C., Gonçalves, B. B., da Silva Brito, R., Vieira, L. G.(2020). Comparative developmental toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles and ferric chloride to zebrafish (Danio rerio) after static and semi-static exposure. Chemosphere. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653520309851
Piña, B., Navarro, L., Barata, C., Raldúa, D. (2018). Omics in zebrafish Teratogenesis. Testing: Methods and https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7883-0_23
Raharjeng, A. R. P., Sani, L. P. A., Harahap, J. O.(2022). Pengaruh chlorpyrifos terhadap perkembangan embrio ikan wader pari. Berkala Ilmiah https://www.academia.edu/download/92516176/1875.pdf
Rahman, M. S., Islam, S. M. M., Haque, A., & Shahjahan, M. (2020). Toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide sumithion to embryo and larvae of zebrafish. Toxicology Reports. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750019305396
Rola, L. D., Buzanskas, M. E., Melo, L. M., Chaves, M. S. (2021). Assisted reproductive technology in neotropical deer: A model approach to preserving genetic diversity. Animals. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/7/1961
Soegianto, A. (2023). Dampak Logam Berat terhadap Biologi Ikan. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en%5C&lr=%5C&id=tr2nEAAAQBAJ%5C&oi=fnd%5C&pg=PR1%5C&dq=embryo+fish+nila+o%5C&ots=ESQpTHvkhy%5C&sig=keZeiV74wfW5_UzHyOJxMnV2WHw
Soleh, M., Aulia, R., Naryaningsih, A., & ... (2023). Temperature Incubation During the Embryo-Larval Stage for Inducing Sex Reversal of Nile Tilapia Red NIFI Strain. Jurnal Penelitian ,https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lisa-Ruliaty-2/publication/377018181_Temperature_Incubation_During_the_Embryo-Larval_Stage_for_Inducing_Sex_Reversal_of_Nile_Tilapia_Red_NIFI_Strain/links/6597ed460bb2c7472b35fceb/Temperature-Incubation-During-the-Embr
Sucipto, A. (2024). Biofloc in Tilapia: An approach. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en%5C&lr=%5C&id=aK8cEQAAQBAJ%5C&oi=fnd%5C&pg=PA10%5C&dq=embryo+fish+nila+o%5C&ots=OLP3Dx_I8J%5C&sig=d47tO3Haxu5Kh0f4qILx_5Z4bBc
Takai, Y., Takamura, T., Enoki, S., Sato, M. (2020). Transcriptome analysis of medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to tributyltin. Japanese Journal of https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jset/23/1/23_230103/_article/-char/ja/
Tschirren, L., Siebenmann, S., & Pietsch, C. (2018). Toxicity of Ochratoxin to Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxins. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/7/264
WARDIMAN, A. (2019). Pertumbuhan Benih Ikan Nilem (Osteochilus hasselti) Yang Diberi Pakan Mikrokapsul Berbahan Dasar Maggot Bsf (Black Soldier Fly). repository.unsoed.ac.id. http://repository.unsoed.ac.id/15902/
Watt, A. M., Marcec‐Greaves, R., Hinkson, K. M., Poo, S. (2021). Effects of age on sperm quality metrics in endangered Mississippi gopher frogs (Lithobates sevosus) from captive populations used for controlled propagation. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21594
Yudha, H. T., Santoso, R. A., Rahardjo, S. S. P.(2025). Hatchery Performance of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) in the Integrated Pond Systems. Journal of Fish https://journal.unram.ac.id/index.php/jfh/article/view/6291
Yunita, R., Cahyono, J. N., & Aprilia, V. (2024). Mengenal Ikan Betok (Anabas testudineus) Ikan Air Tawar Kalimantan. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en%5C&lr=%5C&id=vYIlEQAAQBAJ%5C&oi=fnd%5C&pg=PA1%5C&dq=embryo+fish+nila+o%5C&ots=j7k1WLDZdS%5C&sig=g5PdyZCOSCSgARHVCLBH17OUgcw
Zhang, Y., Xia, Q., Wang, J., Zhuang, K., Jin, H. (2022). Progress in using zebrafish as a toxicological model for traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of medicine https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874121008679
Zizioli, D., Zanella, I., Mignani, L., Antoni, M. D. (2023). Cabotegravir Exposure of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos Impacts on Neurodevelopment and Behavior. International Journal. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/1994
Anggraini, L. (2020). Budidaya Perairan. Jurusan Perikanan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sriwijaya. Repository.Unsri.Ac.Id. https://repository.unsri.ac.id/26391/2/RAMA_54243_05051181419023_0003037602_0003077608_01_front_ref.pdf
Arif, M., Novita, M. Z., Kisworo, Y., Redha, A. R., Sukendar, W. (2025). Teknik Budidaya Ikan: Teori dan Praktik. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en%5C&lr=%5C&id=4YZQEQAAQBAJ%5C&oi=fnd%5C&pg=PA1%5C&dq=embryo+fish+nila+o%5C&ots=5XbCfJazjT%5C&sig=7Ngl1sra5gu1otNygnTyTUGgcp8
Brinkmann, M., Schneider, A. L., Bluhm, K. (2019). Ecotoxicity of Nitrogen, Sulfur, or Oxygen Heterocycles and Short‐Chained Alkyl Phenols Commonly Detected in Contaminated Groundwater. Environmental.https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4423
Brinkmann, M., Schneider, A. L., Bluhm, K., Schiwy, S.(2019). Ecotoxicity of NSO-heterocycles (NSO-HET) and short-chained alkyl phenols (SCAP) commonly detected in contaminated groundwater. trsjhywj.com. https://www.trsjhywj.com/harvest/bitstream/handle/10388/15146/brinkmann_et_al_2019%282%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Cormier, B., Cachot, J., Blanc, M., Cabar, M.(2022). Environmental microplastics disrupt swimming activity in acute exposure in Danio rerio larvae and reduce growth and reproduction success in chronic.Environmental journal .https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749122009356
Dadiono, M. S., & Widodo, M. S. (2022). Application for Handling Hybrid Grouper Eggs (Epinephelus lanceolatus x Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Journal of AquacultureDevelopment. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muh-Sulaiman Dadiono/publication/362229484_Application_for_Handling_Hybrid_Grouper_Eggs_Epinephelus_lanceolatus_x_Epinephelus_fuscoguttatus/links/62de1a4baa5823729ee0a5a7/Application-for-Handling-Hybrid-Grouper-Eggs-Ep
Gutierrez-Lovera, C., Martínez-Val, J.(2019). In vivo toxicity assays in zebrafish embryos: a pre-requisite for xenograft preclinical studies. Toxicology https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2019.1611980
Jia, Y., Schmid, C., Shuliakevich, A., & ... (2019). Toxicological and ecotoxicological evaluation of the water quality in a large and eutrophic freshwater lake of China. Science of the Total. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719309477
Khosim, N., Latuconsina, H., & Suhada, R. A. (2023). Perkembangan Embrio dan Rasio Penetasan Telur Ikan Zebra Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) di Instalasi Perikanan Budidaya Punten Batu (Embryo academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/download/110454103/160.pdf
Laisk, T., Tšuiko, O., Jatsenko, T., Hõrak, P. (2019). Demographic and evolutionary trends in ovarian function and aging. Human Reproduction. https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article-abstract/25/1/34/5139679
Lotfy, D., Allam, S., Zied, R. M. A. (2022). levels of dietary germinated corn embryo powder on reproductive performance, physiological measurements of Nile tilapia brood-fish Oreochromis niloticus and Mediterranean https://maj.journals.ekb.eg/article_270268.html
Malafaia, G., de Souza, A. M., Pereira, A. C., & (2020). Developmental toxicity in zebrafish exposed to polyethylene microplastics under static and semi-static aquatic systems. Science of the Total https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719348594
Maulana, F., Sudrajat, A. O., Permana, A. (2023). Male sex ratio of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. after soaking in different concentrations of coconut milk at larvae stadia. Jurnal Akuakultur https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jai/article/view/46018
Merola, C., Perugini, M., Conte, A., Angelozzi, G. (2020). Embryotoxicity of methylparaben to zebrafish (Danio rerio) early-life stages. and Physiology Part C https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532045620300922
Moura, M. T., Latorraca, L. B., & Paula-Lopes, F. F. (2021). Contextualizing autophagy during gametogenesis and preimplantation embryonic development. International Journal. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/12/6313
Muliari, M., Zulfahmi, I., Akmal, Y. (2019). Effects of palm oil mill effluent on reproductive hormone of female nile tilapia, oreochromis niloticus (linnaeus 1758). Adv. Anim. https://www.nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/files/AAVS_7_11_1035-1041.pdf
Muliari, M., Zulfahmi, I., Akmal, Y., Karja, N. W. K.(2020). Toxicity of palm oil mill effluent on the early life stages of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758). Science and Pollution https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09410-y
Namiki, T., Ito, J., & Kashiwazaki, N. (2018). Molecular mechanisms of embryonic implantation in mammals: Lessons from the gene manipulation of mice. Reproductive Medicine and https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.12103
Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, P. D., Quetin-Leclercq, J., & ... (2021). Developmental toxicity of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum turcz ethanol extract in zebrafish embryo. Journal of https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874120334267
Nilén, G., Obamwonyi, O. S., Liem-Nguyen, V., Engwall, M.(2022). Observed and predicted embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of organic and inorganic environmental pollutants and their mixtures in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X22001011
Nurlian, R. (2020). Daya Tetas Telur Dan Abnormalitas Larva Ikan Nila, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) Yang Dipapar Timbal (Pb). repository.ar-raniry.ac.id. https://repository.ar-raniry.ac.id/id/eprint/14219/
O’rourke, J. P. (2019). Toward a science of vocabulary development. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en%5C&lr=%5C&id=GGSMDwAAQBAJ%5C&oi=fnd%5C&pg=PA8%5C&dq=embryo+fish+nila+o%5C&ots=EepYiYehVE%5C&sig=u-yQnQoRNOaoESTYZ7CAYlIEuLs
Pereira, A. C., Gonçalves, B. B., da Silva Brito, R., Vieira, L. G.(2020). Comparative developmental toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles and ferric chloride to zebrafish (Danio rerio) after static and semi-static exposure. Chemosphere. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653520309851
Piña, B., Navarro, L., Barata, C., Raldúa, D. (2018). Omics in zebrafish Teratogenesis. Testing: Methods and https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7883-0_23
Raharjeng, A. R. P., Sani, L. P. A., Harahap, J. O.(2022). Pengaruh chlorpyrifos terhadap perkembangan embrio ikan wader pari. Berkala Ilmiah https://www.academia.edu/download/92516176/1875.pdf
Rahman, M. S., Islam, S. M. M., Haque, A., & Shahjahan, M. (2020). Toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide sumithion to embryo and larvae of zebrafish. Toxicology Reports. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750019305396
Rola, L. D., Buzanskas, M. E., Melo, L. M., Chaves, M. S. (2021). Assisted reproductive technology in neotropical deer: A model approach to preserving genetic diversity. Animals. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/7/1961
Soegianto, A. (2023). Dampak Logam Berat terhadap Biologi Ikan. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en%5C&lr=%5C&id=tr2nEAAAQBAJ%5C&oi=fnd%5C&pg=PR1%5C&dq=embryo+fish+nila+o%5C&ots=ESQpTHvkhy%5C&sig=keZeiV74wfW5_UzHyOJxMnV2WHw
Soleh, M., Aulia, R., Naryaningsih, A., & ... (2023). Temperature Incubation During the Embryo-Larval Stage for Inducing Sex Reversal of Nile Tilapia Red NIFI Strain. Jurnal Penelitian ,https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lisa-Ruliaty-2/publication/377018181_Temperature_Incubation_During_the_Embryo-Larval_Stage_for_Inducing_Sex_Reversal_of_Nile_Tilapia_Red_NIFI_Strain/links/6597ed460bb2c7472b35fceb/Temperature-Incubation-During-the-Embr
Sucipto, A. (2024). Biofloc in Tilapia: An approach. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en%5C&lr=%5C&id=aK8cEQAAQBAJ%5C&oi=fnd%5C&pg=PA10%5C&dq=embryo+fish+nila+o%5C&ots=OLP3Dx_I8J%5C&sig=d47tO3Haxu5Kh0f4qILx_5Z4bBc
Takai, Y., Takamura, T., Enoki, S., Sato, M. (2020). Transcriptome analysis of medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to tributyltin. Japanese Journal of https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jset/23/1/23_230103/_article/-char/ja/
Tschirren, L., Siebenmann, S., & Pietsch, C. (2018). Toxicity of Ochratoxin to Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxins. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/7/264
WARDIMAN, A. (2019). Pertumbuhan Benih Ikan Nilem (Osteochilus hasselti) Yang Diberi Pakan Mikrokapsul Berbahan Dasar Maggot Bsf (Black Soldier Fly). repository.unsoed.ac.id. http://repository.unsoed.ac.id/15902/
Watt, A. M., Marcec‐Greaves, R., Hinkson, K. M., Poo, S. (2021). Effects of age on sperm quality metrics in endangered Mississippi gopher frogs (Lithobates sevosus) from captive populations used for controlled propagation. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21594
Yudha, H. T., Santoso, R. A., Rahardjo, S. S. P.(2025). Hatchery Performance of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) in the Integrated Pond Systems. Journal of Fish https://journal.unram.ac.id/index.php/jfh/article/view/6291
Yunita, R., Cahyono, J. N., & Aprilia, V. (2024). Mengenal Ikan Betok (Anabas testudineus) Ikan Air Tawar Kalimantan. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en%5C&lr=%5C&id=vYIlEQAAQBAJ%5C&oi=fnd%5C&pg=PA1%5C&dq=embryo+fish+nila+o%5C&ots=j7k1WLDZdS%5C&sig=g5PdyZCOSCSgARHVCLBH17OUgcw
Zhang, Y., Xia, Q., Wang, J., Zhuang, K., Jin, H. (2022). Progress in using zebrafish as a toxicological model for traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of medicine https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874121008679
Zizioli, D., Zanella, I., Mignani, L., Antoni, M. D. (2023). Cabotegravir Exposure of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos Impacts on Neurodevelopment and Behavior. International Journal. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/1994
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