Perbandingan Konsep Sistem Lembaga Keuangan Sosial Syariah : Bank Wakaf Mikro, Baznas Microfinance Desa, dan Bank Infak
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31958/ab.v5i1.14756Keywords:
Islamic Social Finance, Funding, Financing, DistributionAbstract
This research aims to analyze the comparison of the concept of the operational system of Islamic Social Financial Institutions such as the Micro Waqf Bank, Baznas Microfinance Village, and Infak Bank. The research method uses qualitative Conceptual Comparison Method. Data collection techniques using interviews and documentation. The results showed that the system concepts of three Indonesian Islamic social financial institutions are purely social from the aspects of status as a social institution, funding, financing, and distribution, and have many operational system similarities. However, there are differences in the sources of capital in the form of alms, zakat, waqf, general donations, and CSR which have become the responsibility of the company. In terms of type, the three institutions are classified as ethical banks or non-bank Islamic ethical financial institutions because they emphasize the purpose of their activities on outcomes and impact rather than profit at all. In terms of the cash waqf theory of capital resilience, the three institutions are less efficient from the aspect of business sustainability, because the amount is at risk of decreasing and will always depend on donations, where the funds are channeled to poor businesses that are at risk of inability to repay loans. The researcher recommends a commercial social financial institution model that is commercial in seeking profit, but social in profit distributionReferences
Al ‘Ilmiy, I. (2021). Madā Fā’iliyyah at Tajdid al-Istitsmāriy fi Tahqīq at Tanmiyah al Iqtiṡadiyyah wa Muhārabah Shabah al Faqr. Iman Al ‘Ilmiy. Alger University, 1(35), 663–687.
al-Mathrudiy, ’Adil ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad. (2015). Mulakhkhash Kitab al-Bunuk al-Ta’awuniyyah: Dirasah Fiqhiyyah Tathbiiqiyyah (p. 31) [Consept]. Amanah al-Hai.ah al-Syar’iyyah Bank Albilad. https://www.bankalbilad.com/Documents/D8%A9.pdf
al-Yahya, F. ibn ‘Abd A. R. A. Y. (2013). Al-Bank Waqfiy (pp. 1–217) [Research Report]. Universitas Al Qusaim. https://khair.ws/library/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/البنك-الوقفي-فهد-اليحيى.pdf
al-Zuhailiy, W. (1989). Al-Fiqh al-Islamiy wa Adillatuh (3rd ed., Vol. 8). Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Amine, M. al-B. M. (2001). The Islamic Bonds Market: Possibilities and Challenges. International Journal of Islamic Financial Services, 3(1), 1–18.
’Allam, U., & al-’Umariy, ’Amr. (2020). The Contribution of Endowment funds to confronting the covid-19 Epidemic –The experience of the Saudi Health Endowment Fund (50-67). the Laboratory of the Développements Policies and the Prospective Studies-University of Bouira, 5(2), 114.
Al-Mutrifi, I. bint A. A. (2021). Waqf al-Nuqud wa Atsaruh fi Muwajahah Fairus Corona al-Mustajidd: Shunduq al-Waqf al-Shihhiy fi al-Mamlakah al-’Arabiyyah al-Sa’udiyyah Anmudzajan (Waqf (endowment) of money and its impact in the face of the emerging corona virus (Covid-19): The Health Endowment Fund in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a model). Aliraqia University, 1(50). http://mabdaa.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/19.pdf
Aryo, B., Aditya, & Izharivan. (2020). Kajian Pengembangan Fungsi Sosial pada Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Syariah. Komite Nasional Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah (KNEKS). https://kneks.go.id/storage/upload/1696215889
Aziz, N. (2021, July 15). Wawancara: Konsep dan Sistim Baznas Microfinance Desa [Zoom Meeting].
Baznas. (2020a). Laporan Keuangan Baznas. https://baznas.go.id/assets/keu/LKT/audit2020.pdf
Baznas. (2020b). Laporan Keuangan Baznas per Juni 2020. https://baznas.go.id/assets/ keu/LKT/audit2020.pdf
Benedikter, R. (2011). Social Banking and Social Finance: Answers to the Economic Crisis. Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7774-8
Burrell, L. (2021). Temporality, Subjectivity, Capitalism:The Kantian Grounds for Deleuze’s Theory of the Subject [Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Liverpool]. https://livrepository. liverpool.ac.uk/3151779/1/200749091_Mar2021.pdf
Chakrabarty. (2012). Social banking and finance – opportunities in inclusion (pp. 1–6) [Session keynote address on the 2nd FT-YES Bank International Banking Summit]. Bank for International Settlements. https://www.bis.org/review/r121019d.pdf
Chartered Accountants, Y. A. (2022). Financial Report AKHUWAT AKT-2022 (p. 7) [Financial Report]. Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance. https://akhuwat.org.pk/akhuwat-financial-report/
Çizakça, M. (1995). Cash Waqfs of Bursa, 1555-1823. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 38(3,), 313–354.
Cizakça, M. (2004). Incorporated Cash Waqfs And Mudaraba, Islamic Non-Bank Financial Instruments From The Past To The Future. Non-Bank Financial Institutions. http://mpra. ub.uni-muenchen.de/25336/
Cizakça, M. (2008). Incorporated Waqfs. 27.
Dourtmes, S., & Andrikopoulos, A. (2021). The Impact of Social Banking on Economic Development. XXIV(1–2), 103–123.
Effendi, D. (2020). Legislasi Wakaf dan Fungsi Sosial Ekonomi di Indonesia (Vol. 1). Pusat Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat LP2M. https://etheses.uinsgd.ac.id/31516/
El-Halaby, S., Hussainey, K., Mohamed, M., & Hussien, M. (2018). The determinants of financial, social and Sharia disclosure accountability for Islamic banks. Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions, 8(3), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.22495/rgcv8i3p2
European Central Bank. (2022). Other financial institutions explained. European Central Bank. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/macroeconomic_and_sectoral/sector_accounts/shared/pdf/Other_financial_institutions_explained.en.pdf
Fondazione Babberini. (2021). Italian Center for Documentation on Virtual Museum of cooperatives From 1750 to 1892. Italian Documentation Centre on Cooperatives and Social Economy. https://www.cooperazione.net/en/virtual-museum/647
Hartono, R. (2021, July 27). Wawancara: Pelaksanaan Baznas Microfinance Desa di Bukittinggi [Direct, Face to Face].
Harweli, D. (2021, July 14). Wawancara tentang BWM al-Kautsar di Payakumbuh, Sumatera Barat [Direct, Face to Face].
Jyoti, M. S. (2018, April 30). Comparison Between First Security Islami BankLtd. & Social Islami Bank Ltd.
Kahya, H. K. (2023). Shaykh al-Islām’s Dream Is Coming True: From Evkaf Bank to Vakif Participation Bank, Establishing a Bank with a Cash Waqf. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İlahiyat Fakültesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 34(1), 1–350. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2023.34.1.1194418
Keffi, M. (2021). Subul Tathwîr Âliyât wa Âdawât Istitsmâr al-Amwâl al-Waqfiyyah bi Aljazâir [Ph.D Thesis, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj]. https://dspace.univ-bba.dz/bitstream/handle/123456789/3620/doc-eco-bba-04.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian. (2023). Laporan Pelaksanaan Strategi Nasional Keuangan Inklusif (SNKI) Tahun 2023 (p. 96). Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian RI. https://snki.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Laporan_Pelaksanaan_ SNKI_2023.pdf
Medias, F. (2017). Bank Wakaf: Solusi Pemberdayaan Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Literature and Muslim Society, 2(1), 61–84. https://doi.org/10.22515/ islimus.v2i1.749
Mohammad, M. T. S. H. (2011). Towards an Islamic Social (Waqf) Bank. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 381–386. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2011.V2.135
Nujiati. (2022). Peran Bank Wakaf Mikro Amanah Berkah Nusantara Pada Ponpes Al Hidayah Karangsuci Purwokerto Dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Pelaku Usaha [Skripsi Sarjana, UIN Prof. K. H. Saifuddin Zuhri]. https://repository.uinsaizu.ac.id/13238/1/NUJIATI_PERAN...pdf
OJK. (2018). Laporan Perkembangan Keuangan Syariah Indonesia (LPKSI) OJK [Official]. Laporan Perkembangan Keuangan Syariah Indonesia 2018. https://ojk.go.id/id/kanal/syariah/data-dan-statistik/laporan-perkembangan-keuangan-syariah-indonesia/default.aspx
OJK. (2019). - Sumber modal—Booklet_BWM_Publik_Sept_2019 hal. 12.pdf. LKMS-BWM. http://lkmsbwm.id/file-bwm/Booklet_BWM_Publik_Sept_2019.pdf
Relano, F. (2015). Disambiguating The Concept Of Social Banking. Journal of Finance and Risk Perspectives, 4(3), 48–62.
Rezza, A. (2021, September 4). Wawancara dengan Rezza Artha, Ketua Umum Bank Infak Sabtu, 4 September 2021) [Zoom Meeting].
Sartika Nasution, D. (2022). Bank Wakaf Mikro “Konsep Dan Implementasi (1st ed., Vol. 1). UIN Mataram Press. http://repository.uinmataram.ac.id/2526/1/11.%20BANK%20WAKAF% 20MIKRO%20.pdf
SIBL Annual Report. (2015). Social Islami Bank Limited Annual Report 2015 (pp. 1–444) [Annual Report]. https://www.siblbd.com/about/financialreports#Annual
SIBL Annual Report. (2021). Social Islami Bank Limited Annual Report 2021 (pp. 1–444) [Annual Report]. https://www.siblbd.com/about/financialreports#Annual
Siduppa, M. I., Fatmawati, & Mone, A. (2021). Implementasi Program Baznas Microfinance Desa Badan Amil Zakat Nasional di Kabupaten Maros. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, 2(6), 1–16.
Situs Resmi Bank Wakaf Mikro. (2023, September 27). Situs Resmi Bank Wakaf Mikro [Official]. Statistik Data Nasional. http://lkmsbwm.id/data_nasional
Situs Resmi Komunitas Bank Infaq. (2023). Situs Jaringan Sosial FB Bank Infak. Bank Infaq : Yayasan Gerakan Infaq Dunia. https://web.facebook.com/bankinfaq/about_contact_and_basic_info
Sulhani, S., & Abdul Mughni. (2022). Menyingkap Fungsi Sosial Perbankan Syariah dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan. LPPM Publishing & Printing Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) Syariah Bengkalis, 3(2), 85–186. https://doi.org/10.46367/jps.v3i2.737
Türkiye Wealth Fund. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://www.ifswf.org › members › turkey-wealth-fund
Vakif Bank. (2020). Vakif Bank Annual Report 2020. https://www.vakifbank.com.tr/annual-reports.aspx?pageID=638
Vakif Katilim Bankasi. (2022). Vakif Katilim Annual Report 2022 (p. 332). https://www.vakifbank. com.tr/en/investor-relations/financials/integrated-annual-report
Webpage Resmi Bank Infak. (2023). Situs Resmi Bank Infak [Official]. Bank Infak. https://bankinfaq.com/
Wulandari, N. L. N., Sari, D. M., & Zahro, R. (2024). Konsep Uang Dan Lembaga Keuangan. Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember, 2(5), 203–207. https://doi.org/10.59435/ gjmi.v2i5.457
Zaman, A. (2018, September 9). Building Genuine Islamic Financial Institutions. An Islamic WorldView. https://azprojects.wordpress.com/2018/09/09/building-genuine-islamic-financial-institutions
al-Mathrudiy, ’Adil ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad. (2015). Mulakhkhash Kitab al-Bunuk al-Ta’awuniyyah: Dirasah Fiqhiyyah Tathbiiqiyyah (p. 31) [Consept]. Amanah al-Hai.ah al-Syar’iyyah Bank Albilad. https://www.bankalbilad.com/Documents/D8%A9.pdf
al-Yahya, F. ibn ‘Abd A. R. A. Y. (2013). Al-Bank Waqfiy (pp. 1–217) [Research Report]. Universitas Al Qusaim. https://khair.ws/library/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/البنك-الوقفي-فهد-اليحيى.pdf
al-Zuhailiy, W. (1989). Al-Fiqh al-Islamiy wa Adillatuh (3rd ed., Vol. 8). Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Amine, M. al-B. M. (2001). The Islamic Bonds Market: Possibilities and Challenges. International Journal of Islamic Financial Services, 3(1), 1–18.
’Allam, U., & al-’Umariy, ’Amr. (2020). The Contribution of Endowment funds to confronting the covid-19 Epidemic –The experience of the Saudi Health Endowment Fund (50-67). the Laboratory of the Développements Policies and the Prospective Studies-University of Bouira, 5(2), 114.
Al-Mutrifi, I. bint A. A. (2021). Waqf al-Nuqud wa Atsaruh fi Muwajahah Fairus Corona al-Mustajidd: Shunduq al-Waqf al-Shihhiy fi al-Mamlakah al-’Arabiyyah al-Sa’udiyyah Anmudzajan (Waqf (endowment) of money and its impact in the face of the emerging corona virus (Covid-19): The Health Endowment Fund in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a model). Aliraqia University, 1(50). http://mabdaa.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/19.pdf
Aryo, B., Aditya, & Izharivan. (2020). Kajian Pengembangan Fungsi Sosial pada Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Syariah. Komite Nasional Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah (KNEKS). https://kneks.go.id/storage/upload/1696215889
Aziz, N. (2021, July 15). Wawancara: Konsep dan Sistim Baznas Microfinance Desa [Zoom Meeting].
Baznas. (2020a). Laporan Keuangan Baznas. https://baznas.go.id/assets/keu/LKT/audit2020.pdf
Baznas. (2020b). Laporan Keuangan Baznas per Juni 2020. https://baznas.go.id/assets/ keu/LKT/audit2020.pdf
Benedikter, R. (2011). Social Banking and Social Finance: Answers to the Economic Crisis. Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7774-8
Burrell, L. (2021). Temporality, Subjectivity, Capitalism:The Kantian Grounds for Deleuze’s Theory of the Subject [Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Liverpool]. https://livrepository. liverpool.ac.uk/3151779/1/200749091_Mar2021.pdf
Chakrabarty. (2012). Social banking and finance – opportunities in inclusion (pp. 1–6) [Session keynote address on the 2nd FT-YES Bank International Banking Summit]. Bank for International Settlements. https://www.bis.org/review/r121019d.pdf
Chartered Accountants, Y. A. (2022). Financial Report AKHUWAT AKT-2022 (p. 7) [Financial Report]. Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance. https://akhuwat.org.pk/akhuwat-financial-report/
Çizakça, M. (1995). Cash Waqfs of Bursa, 1555-1823. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 38(3,), 313–354.
Cizakça, M. (2004). Incorporated Cash Waqfs And Mudaraba, Islamic Non-Bank Financial Instruments From The Past To The Future. Non-Bank Financial Institutions. http://mpra. ub.uni-muenchen.de/25336/
Cizakça, M. (2008). Incorporated Waqfs. 27.
Dourtmes, S., & Andrikopoulos, A. (2021). The Impact of Social Banking on Economic Development. XXIV(1–2), 103–123.
Effendi, D. (2020). Legislasi Wakaf dan Fungsi Sosial Ekonomi di Indonesia (Vol. 1). Pusat Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat LP2M. https://etheses.uinsgd.ac.id/31516/
El-Halaby, S., Hussainey, K., Mohamed, M., & Hussien, M. (2018). The determinants of financial, social and Sharia disclosure accountability for Islamic banks. Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions, 8(3), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.22495/rgcv8i3p2
European Central Bank. (2022). Other financial institutions explained. European Central Bank. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/macroeconomic_and_sectoral/sector_accounts/shared/pdf/Other_financial_institutions_explained.en.pdf
Fondazione Babberini. (2021). Italian Center for Documentation on Virtual Museum of cooperatives From 1750 to 1892. Italian Documentation Centre on Cooperatives and Social Economy. https://www.cooperazione.net/en/virtual-museum/647
Hartono, R. (2021, July 27). Wawancara: Pelaksanaan Baznas Microfinance Desa di Bukittinggi [Direct, Face to Face].
Harweli, D. (2021, July 14). Wawancara tentang BWM al-Kautsar di Payakumbuh, Sumatera Barat [Direct, Face to Face].
Jyoti, M. S. (2018, April 30). Comparison Between First Security Islami BankLtd. & Social Islami Bank Ltd.
Kahya, H. K. (2023). Shaykh al-Islām’s Dream Is Coming True: From Evkaf Bank to Vakif Participation Bank, Establishing a Bank with a Cash Waqf. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İlahiyat Fakültesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 34(1), 1–350. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2023.34.1.1194418
Keffi, M. (2021). Subul Tathwîr Âliyât wa Âdawât Istitsmâr al-Amwâl al-Waqfiyyah bi Aljazâir [Ph.D Thesis, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj]. https://dspace.univ-bba.dz/bitstream/handle/123456789/3620/doc-eco-bba-04.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian. (2023). Laporan Pelaksanaan Strategi Nasional Keuangan Inklusif (SNKI) Tahun 2023 (p. 96). Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian RI. https://snki.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Laporan_Pelaksanaan_ SNKI_2023.pdf
Medias, F. (2017). Bank Wakaf: Solusi Pemberdayaan Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Literature and Muslim Society, 2(1), 61–84. https://doi.org/10.22515/ islimus.v2i1.749
Mohammad, M. T. S. H. (2011). Towards an Islamic Social (Waqf) Bank. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 381–386. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2011.V2.135
Nujiati. (2022). Peran Bank Wakaf Mikro Amanah Berkah Nusantara Pada Ponpes Al Hidayah Karangsuci Purwokerto Dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Pelaku Usaha [Skripsi Sarjana, UIN Prof. K. H. Saifuddin Zuhri]. https://repository.uinsaizu.ac.id/13238/1/NUJIATI_PERAN...pdf
OJK. (2018). Laporan Perkembangan Keuangan Syariah Indonesia (LPKSI) OJK [Official]. Laporan Perkembangan Keuangan Syariah Indonesia 2018. https://ojk.go.id/id/kanal/syariah/data-dan-statistik/laporan-perkembangan-keuangan-syariah-indonesia/default.aspx
OJK. (2019). - Sumber modal—Booklet_BWM_Publik_Sept_2019 hal. 12.pdf. LKMS-BWM. http://lkmsbwm.id/file-bwm/Booklet_BWM_Publik_Sept_2019.pdf
Relano, F. (2015). Disambiguating The Concept Of Social Banking. Journal of Finance and Risk Perspectives, 4(3), 48–62.
Rezza, A. (2021, September 4). Wawancara dengan Rezza Artha, Ketua Umum Bank Infak Sabtu, 4 September 2021) [Zoom Meeting].
Sartika Nasution, D. (2022). Bank Wakaf Mikro “Konsep Dan Implementasi (1st ed., Vol. 1). UIN Mataram Press. http://repository.uinmataram.ac.id/2526/1/11.%20BANK%20WAKAF% 20MIKRO%20.pdf
SIBL Annual Report. (2015). Social Islami Bank Limited Annual Report 2015 (pp. 1–444) [Annual Report]. https://www.siblbd.com/about/financialreports#Annual
SIBL Annual Report. (2021). Social Islami Bank Limited Annual Report 2021 (pp. 1–444) [Annual Report]. https://www.siblbd.com/about/financialreports#Annual
Siduppa, M. I., Fatmawati, & Mone, A. (2021). Implementasi Program Baznas Microfinance Desa Badan Amil Zakat Nasional di Kabupaten Maros. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, 2(6), 1–16.
Situs Resmi Bank Wakaf Mikro. (2023, September 27). Situs Resmi Bank Wakaf Mikro [Official]. Statistik Data Nasional. http://lkmsbwm.id/data_nasional
Situs Resmi Komunitas Bank Infaq. (2023). Situs Jaringan Sosial FB Bank Infak. Bank Infaq : Yayasan Gerakan Infaq Dunia. https://web.facebook.com/bankinfaq/about_contact_and_basic_info
Sulhani, S., & Abdul Mughni. (2022). Menyingkap Fungsi Sosial Perbankan Syariah dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan. LPPM Publishing & Printing Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) Syariah Bengkalis, 3(2), 85–186. https://doi.org/10.46367/jps.v3i2.737
Türkiye Wealth Fund. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://www.ifswf.org › members › turkey-wealth-fund
Vakif Bank. (2020). Vakif Bank Annual Report 2020. https://www.vakifbank.com.tr/annual-reports.aspx?pageID=638
Vakif Katilim Bankasi. (2022). Vakif Katilim Annual Report 2022 (p. 332). https://www.vakifbank. com.tr/en/investor-relations/financials/integrated-annual-report
Webpage Resmi Bank Infak. (2023). Situs Resmi Bank Infak [Official]. Bank Infak. https://bankinfaq.com/
Wulandari, N. L. N., Sari, D. M., & Zahro, R. (2024). Konsep Uang Dan Lembaga Keuangan. Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember, 2(5), 203–207. https://doi.org/10.59435/ gjmi.v2i5.457
Zaman, A. (2018, September 9). Building Genuine Islamic Financial Institutions. An Islamic WorldView. https://azprojects.wordpress.com/2018/09/09/building-genuine-islamic-financial-institutions
Downloads
Published
2025-01-31
How to Cite
Alimin, A., Fahlefi, R., Shabri, H., & Zulkifli, Z. (2025). Perbandingan Konsep Sistem Lembaga Keuangan Sosial Syariah : Bank Wakaf Mikro, Baznas Microfinance Desa, dan Bank Infak. Al-Bank: Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 5(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.31958/ab.v5i1.14756
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Alimin Alimin, Rizal Fahlefi, Husni Shabri, Zulkifli Zulkifli
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under?áa Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
