Islamophobia and Acts of Extremism Against Muslim Minorities in Sri Lanka Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31958/jsk.v7i1.9200Keywords:
Islamophobia, Extremism, Sri Lanka, Covid-19Abstract
Sri Lanka has witnessed many examples of anti-Muslim sentiment and violence since the end of the civil war, especially in 2014 when an ethnic outbreak affected large numbers of people. Sinhala monks and Buddhists appear to have played an important role in covering it. Long wars and ethnonationalist ideology have resulted in a politico-religious shift related to ÔÇ£Buddhist extremismÔÇØ, which engages in embracing and attacking Muslims. This study uses the "library research" method, whose main data includes: books, journals, articles, and references related to research. Sri Lankan Islamophobia and anti-Muslim sentiment manifests itself in several dimensions such as campaigns warning of Halal products in food, Muslim women's clothing (Burqa), slaughter of livestock in Muslim religious rituals, attacks on mosques and Muslim-owned businesses, and mandatory cremation. for all Sri Lankans regardless of religion at the time of the Corona Virus (Covid-19) outbreak, and the closure of Islamic schools.
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Wettimuny, S. (2020). The Colonial History of Islamophobic Slurs in Sri Lanka, 2020. https://doi.org/https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/colonial-history-islamophobia/
Wijesundara, S. (2019). Minority Rights, Freedom of Religion, and the Issue of Burqa. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 9(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.31940/soshm.v9i2.14.16
Ali, A. (2015). Four Waves of Muslim-Phobia in Sri Lanka: c. 1880–2009. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 35(4), 494. https://doi.org/13602004.2015.1112116
Athambawa Sarjoon, M. A. Y. & N. H. (2016). Anti-Muslim Sentiments and Violence: A Major Threat to Ethnic Reconciliation and Ethnic Harmony in Post-War Sri Lanka. Journal Religious, 7(10), 2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/rel7100125
Ati, A. (2019). The Post-9/11 Securitisation of the Hijab and International Human Rights Law: the Strasbourg Court, Article 9 and Hijab Restrictions. Queen Mary Human Rights Law Review, University of Oxford, 5(1), 3.
Dewasiri, N. R. (2016). New Buddhist Extremism and the Challenges to Ethno-Religious Coexistence in Sri Lanka. International Centre For Ethnic Studies, 7.
Dharmadasa. (1992). Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Fowsar, M. A. M. (2020). Muslim Minority in Post-War Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Aluthgama and Digana Violences. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(6), 59.
Gravers, M. (2015). Anti-Muslim Buddhist Nationalism in Burma and Sri Lanka: Religious Violence and Globalized Imaginaries of Endangered Identities. Contemporary Buddhist: An Interdisciplinary Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2015.1008090
Gunaratna, R. (2018). Sinhala-Muslim Riots in Sri Lanka: The Need for Restoring Communal History. A Journal of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terorism Research (ICPVTR), 10(4), 2.
Harees, L. (2020). Compulsory Cremation: A Nightmare For Sri Lanka’s Muslims. https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/compulsory-cremation-a-nightmare-for-sri-lanka-s-muslims-36307
Imtiyaz, A. R. & M. (2021). Rajapaksa Steps up Sri Lanka’s Anti-Muslim Measures. 2. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3851280
Kelly, L. (2020). Covid 19 and the Rights of Members of Belief Minorities? The Following Countries are of Interest: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Iraq, Sudan and Nigeria. Knowledge, Evidence, and Learningfor Development, University Of Manchester.
Khan, N. (2020). Buddhism, Religious Extremism and Muslims in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 6(4), 241–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619868244
Koch, A. H. & C. (2011). Can and Should Burqas be Banned?- The Legality and Desirability of Bans of the Full Veil in Europe and Australia. Alternative Law Journal, 36(1), 16–20.
Mallawarachi, B. (2021). Bharatha Mallawarachi, “Concerns Rise Over Sri Lanka’s Move to Ban Burqas.” Associated Press.
Mohamed Saleem, M. I. A. R. & A. (2015). Muslims in Post-War Sri Lanka: Understanding Sinhala-Buddhist Mobilization Against Them. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Asian Ethnicity, 16(2), 194.
Morrison, C. (2019). Buddhist Extremism, Anti Muslim Violence and Civil War Legacies In Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis in Asian, 6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2019.1610937
Morrison, C. (2020). Post-Conflict Interfaith Activities, Combatting Religious Extremism and Mass Atrocity in Sri Lanka”, Actividades Interreligiosas de Posguerra, Pluralismo Religioso Y Atrocidades Terroristas en Sri Lanka. 13(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.30827/revpaz.v13i1
Mujahidin, M. S. (2021). Islamophobia and Allegations Against Corona Virus Spread By Muslim Minority In India. AJIS: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies, 6(2), 209. https://doi.org/10.29240/ajis.v6i2.3419
Perera, S. (2001). The Ethnic Conflict In Sri Lanka: A Historical And Sociopolitical Outline. Public Disclosure Authorized, 3.
Premakumara de Silva, F. H. & R. B. (2019). Ethnicity and Violence in Sri Lanka: An Ethnohistorical Narrative. Religion and Society, Social and Cultural Anthropology, 651. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_47-1
Razak, M. I. A. (2020). The Easter Sunday Bombings and the Crisis Facing Sri Lanka’s Muslims. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 55(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619868244
Ripoll, S. (2020). Death and Funerary Practices in the Context of Epidemics: Upholding the Rights of Religious Minorities. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 23. https://doi.org/10.19088/CREID.2020.001
Rutnam, Q. &. (2021). Racist agenda: Fear, Worries Over Sri Lanka’s Burqa Ban. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/all-aboutcontrol
Sarjoon, M. A. Y. & A. (2019). Post-War Religious Violence, Counter-State Response and Religious Harmony in Sri Lanka. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 9(3), 216.
Siddiqui, F. R. (2019). Growing Anti-Islam Hatred and Terror in Sri Lanka. Researcher at the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA), Middle Eastern Studies From Jawaharlal Nehru University.
Silva, K. T. (2020). Stigma and Moral Panic About Covid-19 in Sri Lanka. Journal of Humanitiesand Social Sciences (JHS), 3(2), 57–58.
Sivaloganathan, M. (2017). Sri Lankan Discourses of Ethno-Nationalism and Religious Fundamentalism, McMaster University.
Syaoki, M. (2018). Manajemen Privasi Jemaat Ahmadiyah di Kota Semarang. Jurnal Al-I’lam: Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Penyiaran Islam, 1(2), 41.
Tegal, M. (2021). Title: Sri Lanka’s Double Pandemic State Sanctioned Forced Cremations During the Covid-19 Pandemic. People`s Rights Group, 70(134), 24. https://doi.org/10.13140/Rg.2.2.25329.81763
Votta, N. de. (2021). Engaging Sinhalese Buddhist Majoritarianism and Countering Religious Animus in Sri Lanka: Recommendations for the Incoming U.S. Administration. In The Review of Faith & International Affairs (Vol. 14, Issue 2). Published by Informa UK Limited, Trading as Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2016.1184440
Wettimuny, S. (2019). A Brief History of Anti-Muslim Violence in Sri Lanka. https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/abrief-history-of-anti-muslim-violence-in-sri-lanka/
Wettimuny, S. (2020). The Colonial History of Islamophobic Slurs in Sri Lanka, 2020. https://doi.org/https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/colonial-history-islamophobia/
Wijesundara, S. (2019). Minority Rights, Freedom of Religion, and the Issue of Burqa. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 9(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.31940/soshm.v9i2.14.16
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Published
2023-06-22
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Mujahidin, M. S. (2023). Islamophobia and Acts of Extremism Against Muslim Minorities in Sri Lanka Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Alfuad: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan, 7(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.31958/jsk.v7i1.9200
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