The Notion of Legal Subject in Islamic Jurisprudence and Modern Positive Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31958/jisrah.v7i01.16273Abstract
In Indonesia's legal system, every individual is recognized as a legal subject accountable under the law. Islamic law designates humans as maḥkūm ‘alayh or mukallaf, while the concept has evolved to encompass legal entities such as corporations. This study examines the similarities and differences in the notion of legal subjects between Islamic law and positive law in Indonesia. Employing a qualitative library research approach, primary data were drawn from authoritative written sources on the topic. Data analysis involved qualitative techniques, including coding, reduction, and conclusion drawing. The development of legal entities in Indonesia parallels the enactment of Islamic-related legislation, such as laws on waqf, zakat management, Religious Courts, Islamic Law Compilation, and Sharia Economic Law Compilation (KHES). Findings reveal that Islamic law constitutes divine commands (taklīf, takhyīr, wad‘ī) regarding mukallaf actions—viewed by Usūliyyūn as God's legislative acts and by Fuqahā’ as their effects. In contrast, positive law comprises commands and evaluations of actions, establishing relations between individuals and their deeds.
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