Adultery Offenses in IndonesiaÔÇÖs New Penal Code: Examining the Influence of Islamic and Customary Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v24i1.13208Keywords:
Adultery, Penal Code, Islamic Law, Customary Law, Criminal Law ReformAbstract
This study examines the influence of Islamic and customary law on the formulation of adultery provisions in the newly recodified Penal Code. The revision of the Criminal Code has sparked controversy, particularly regarding the regulation of adultery, with critics arguing that the new provisions are heavily influenced by Islamic and customary legal principles. This research investigates the extent of this influence through a qualitative methodology employing a normative legal approach. The findings reveal that while Islamic and customary law have significantly shaped the recodification process, their impact is less substantial than initially presumed. The previous Penal Code penalized only married individuals engaging in extramarital sexual relations, whereas the revised Code extends criminal liability to all individuals, irrespective of marital status. This shift redefines adultery from a private ethical concern to a public legal matter. However, the new Penal Code does not fully integrate Islamic or customary law in its classification of criminal offenses. Unlike Islamic and customary law, which treat adultery as a public offense, the new Penal Code operates on the principle of a complainant-based offense, requiring a formal complaint for prosecution. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on the intersection of legal traditions in contemporary criminal law reform.
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Azwar, Z., Armi, M. I., Zulfan, Bin Jelani, A. B., & Nasri, A. L. (2024). Child Filiation and Its Implications on Maintenance and Inheritance Rights: A Comparative Study of Regulations and Judicial Practices in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Turkey. Journal of Islamic Law, 5(1), 62–85. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v5i1.2326
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Iskandar, M., Yahya, A., Jafar, M., Darmawan, & Kurdi, M. (2023). Law Enforcement of Jinayat Cases in Syar’iyah Court in Aceh Province Indonesia During Covid-19 Pandemic. UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 14(2), 457–482. https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2023.14.2.2
Iskandar, M., Yahya, A., & Jalil Salam, A. (2022). From the Public Space to the Prison Space: Regulation Polemic and the Implementation of Caning Law in Aceh. Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 17(1), 216–241. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-Ihkam.v17i1.5646
Januarsyah, M. P. Z., Priyatno, D., Somawijaya, & Gunakaya, W. (2023). The Renewal Policy of the Adultery Concept in Article 411 of the Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code. Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 10(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v10n1.a1
Junaidi, M., & Imansyah, R. G. C. (2018). The Concept Of Adultery Post-Revision Of The Penal Code. Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 3(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v3i1.1344
Kamalludin, I. (2022). Restoration of Pancasila Values Against Criminal Law Reform Strategy in Indonesia Political Perspective of Islamic Law. Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran, 22(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v22i1.4637
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Madina, D. D., Ali, Z. Z., & Puspita, M. (2023). Aligning Islamic Law and Customary Law: Legal Dialectics in The Tradition of Forced Marriage in Jambi. Justicia Islamica, 20(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v20i1.4720
Miqat, N., Bakhtiar, H. S., Salam, S., Tridewiyanti, K., & Ibrahim, K. M. (2023). The Development of Indonesian Marriage Law in Contemporary Era. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah, 15(1), 54–66. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v15i1.17461
Muhtar, M. H., Yassine, C., Amirulkamar, S., Abdennour, H., Putri, V. S., & Achir, N. (2024). Critical Study of Sharia Regional Regulations on Women’s Emancipation. International Journal of Religion, 5(2), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.61707/a7s8vg65
Muntaha, S., & Saptomo, A. (2024). Comparison Of Sanctions For The Crime Of Adultery In Toraja Customary Law And National Law In Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum, Politik Dan Ilmu Sosial (JHPIS), 3(1), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.55606/jhpis.v3i1.3385
Muzakkir. (2022). The Effectiveness of Aceh’s Jinayat Qanun on Crime Rates in the Community in a Review of Legal Socialization. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 16(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v16i2.6643
Nordin, Z. S., Ruslan, I., Yusriadi, Y., Hamzah, N., & Darmadi, D. (2025). Integrating Islamic Law and Customary Law: Codification and Religious Identity in the Malay Buyan Community of Kapuas Hulu. Journal of Islamic Law, 6(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v6i1.3410
Nurdaim, A. (2024). Tindak Pidana Zina Menurut UU No. 1 Tahun 1946, UU No. 1 Tahun 2023 dan Hukum Islam. Journal of Law and Nation (JOLN), 3(1), 1–13.
Priel, D. (2024). Ways of Explaining Law. The Modern Law Review, 87(2), 497–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12863
Rahmawati, R., Hartiwiningsih, H., Rustamaji, M., Sulistiyanta, S., & Abdillah, M. (2023). Disparitas Hukum Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Kekerasan Seksual Pada Anak. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 8(2 November), 667. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v8i2.7379
Ridwan, R., & Saraswati, P. W. (2024). Enabling Conditions and challenges of Youth Sexual and Reproductive Rights Activism in Indonesia. In Jerusha Conner (Ed.), Handbook on Youth Activism. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Sakhowi, S. (2022). Taqnīn Method of Qānūn Jināyah and Problems of Its Implementation in Aceh, Indonesia. JIL: Journal of Islamic Law, 3(2), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v3i2.817
Sopyan, Y., & Suryani, H. (2020). Marriage with Same Tribes in the Customary Law of Minangkabau Batipuh Ateh (A Legal Anthropology Approach). Jurnal Hukum Islam, 18(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v18i2.3262
Supardin, & Syatar, A. (2021). Adultery Criminalization Spirit in Islamic Criminal Law: Alternatives in Indonesia’s Positive Legal System Reform. Samarah, 5(2), 913–927. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9353
Syamsuar, S., Chapakia, A. O., Hamsa, A., & Amelia, A. (2024). Integration of Maqashid Syaria in Nurcholish Madjid’s Thingking about Principles for Effective Good Governance. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 9(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v9i1.9701
Thalib, M. C. (2023). Implications of Mixed Marriage in the Perspective of Gorontalo Customary Law and Its Reality based on International Private Law Principles. Jambura Law Review, 5(I), 179–198.
Uktolseja, N. (2020). The Existence of Customary Law in Modern Society. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 93(1), 1–10.
Watson, C. W. (2024). Satukangeun Lalangsé: Sundanese Sexuality From Behind the Curtain. In Gender, Islam and Sexuality in Contemporary Indonesia: Vol. III (pp. 189–202). Spinger. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5659-3_10
Wawo, A. W. R., Muhadar, & Azisa, N. (2024). The Role of Traditional Institutions in Resolving Crime through A Restorative Justice Approach in Gowa District. Migration Letters, 21(S4), 12–22. https://migrationletters.com/index.php/ml/article/view/7106
Widyawati, A. (2020). Criminal Policy of Adultery in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 5(1), 107–129. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSV322024.007
Yati, F., Asmadia, T., Rahmat, A., & Syukran Baharuddin, A. (2024). Institutionalization of Islam and Adat: The Legal System of Hak Langgeih in Aceh. Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah, 23(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v23i1.7482
Abu Zahrah, M. (2014). Al-Jarimah wa al-’Uqubah fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islami: Vol. V (M. Rafiki (ed.); V). Maktabah Tawfiqiyah.
Al-Bukhari, M. bin I. (2013). Shahih Al-Bukhari (M. Al-Arna’uth (ed.); 12th ed., Vol. 12). Dar Al-Fikr.
Al-Zuhaili, W. (2014). al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu: Vol. VIII (IV). Dar al-Fikr.
Ariyanti, V., & Supani. (2024). Examining Muslims’ Aspirations in Drafting the New Criminal Code: Analyzing Criminal Law Policy in Indonesia from a Maslaha Perspective. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 18(1), 37–58. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v18i1.8280
Aziz, E., Dzofir, M., & Widodo, A. (2020). The acculturation of islam and customary law: An experience of Minangkabau, Indonesia. Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies, 8(1), 131–160. https://doi.org/10.21043/QIJIS.V8I1.7197
Azwar, Z., Armi, M. I., Zulfan, Bin Jelani, A. B., & Nasri, A. L. (2024). Child Filiation and Its Implications on Maintenance and Inheritance Rights: A Comparative Study of Regulations and Judicial Practices in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Turkey. Journal of Islamic Law, 5(1), 62–85. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v5i1.2326
Damayanti, A. (2022). Contribution Of Islamic Law To Legal Development In Indonesia. Milrev, 1(1), 17–34.
Dewandaru, S. (2023). The Penalty of Adultry Accoding to Qanun Aceh Number 6 of 2014 Article 33 and The Book of Criminal Law (KUHP) Article 284 in The Perspective of Theory of Legal Effectiveness. Hermaneutika, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.33603/hermeneutika.v3i2
Djawas, M., Achyar, G., Arifin, N. B., Reza, M., & Yakub, B. U. (2022). The Legal Position of Children of Incest (A Study of Madhhab Scholars and Compilation of Islamic Law). Samarah, 6(1), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6I1.11904
Effendi, E., & Putra, S. (2022). Customary Settlement of Certain Criminal Cases in the Indigenous Community of Kenegerian Benai, Kuantan Singingi. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 22(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v22i2.1242
Erdianto, Putra, S., & Elmayanti. (2023). Settlement of Customary Violation in the Coastal Part of Pelalawan Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1181(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1181/1/012022
Flora, H. S., Gultom, M., Samosir, P., Khomaini, K., & Sobirov, B. (2024). The Urgency of Restorative Justice in Renewing Criminal Law. Jurnal Hukum, 40(2), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v40i2.38943
Hadikusuma, H. (2003). Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Adat. Mandar Maju.
Handika, D., Elimartati, & Zulkifli. (2023). Pelaksanaan Sanksi Adat bagi Pelaku Zina di Nagari Surian Kecamatan Pantai Cermin Kabupaten Solok. Jurnal Integrasi Ilmu Syariah, 4(2), 215–221. https://doi.org/10.31958/jisrah.v4i2.8841
Haq, I., Hannani, H., Syatar, A., & Amiruddin, M. M. (2024). Unlocking The Potentialo of “Kalosara”: An Extensive Analysis of Adultery Instances Dispute Resolution in the Tolaki Tribe through the Lens of al-Ishlah Concept. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 24(1), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v24i1.1488
Harahap, B., Handayani, I. G. A. K. R., & Lego Karjoko. (2023). Non-Muslims and Sharia-Based Regional Government; Comparison between Aceh, Indonesia and Selangor, Malaysia. AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 18(2), 364–391. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v18i2.10456
Idham, I., Nur, E. R., & Hermanto, A. (2022). Dynamic Development of Family Law in Muslim Countries. Al-’Adalah, 19(1), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v19i1.12421
Iskandar, M. (2019). The Enforcement of Gompong in The Qanun of Aceh and Its Relative Position in The Indonesian Constitution. Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan, 8(2), 255. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.8.2.2019.255-274
Iskandar, M., Yahya, A., Jafar, M., Darmawan, & Kurdi, M. (2023). Law Enforcement of Jinayat Cases in Syar’iyah Court in Aceh Province Indonesia During Covid-19 Pandemic. UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 14(2), 457–482. https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2023.14.2.2
Iskandar, M., Yahya, A., & Jalil Salam, A. (2022). From the Public Space to the Prison Space: Regulation Polemic and the Implementation of Caning Law in Aceh. Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 17(1), 216–241. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-Ihkam.v17i1.5646
Januarsyah, M. P. Z., Priyatno, D., Somawijaya, & Gunakaya, W. (2023). The Renewal Policy of the Adultery Concept in Article 411 of the Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code. Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 10(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v10n1.a1
Junaidi, M., & Imansyah, R. G. C. (2018). The Concept Of Adultery Post-Revision Of The Penal Code. Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 3(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v3i1.1344
Kamalludin, I. (2022). Restoration of Pancasila Values Against Criminal Law Reform Strategy in Indonesia Political Perspective of Islamic Law. Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran, 22(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v22i1.4637
Lawang, K. A., Kholis, N., Tarwiyani, T., Kamal, M., Yasir, M., & Abdullah, A. (2024). Implementation of Uqubat: An Effort to Minimize Khalwat Crimes in Aceh. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 24(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v24i1.1427
Madina, D. D., Ali, Z. Z., & Puspita, M. (2023). Aligning Islamic Law and Customary Law: Legal Dialectics in The Tradition of Forced Marriage in Jambi. Justicia Islamica, 20(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v20i1.4720
Miqat, N., Bakhtiar, H. S., Salam, S., Tridewiyanti, K., & Ibrahim, K. M. (2023). The Development of Indonesian Marriage Law in Contemporary Era. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah, 15(1), 54–66. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v15i1.17461
Muhtar, M. H., Yassine, C., Amirulkamar, S., Abdennour, H., Putri, V. S., & Achir, N. (2024). Critical Study of Sharia Regional Regulations on Women’s Emancipation. International Journal of Religion, 5(2), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.61707/a7s8vg65
Muntaha, S., & Saptomo, A. (2024). Comparison Of Sanctions For The Crime Of Adultery In Toraja Customary Law And National Law In Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum, Politik Dan Ilmu Sosial (JHPIS), 3(1), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.55606/jhpis.v3i1.3385
Muzakkir. (2022). The Effectiveness of Aceh’s Jinayat Qanun on Crime Rates in the Community in a Review of Legal Socialization. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 16(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v16i2.6643
Nordin, Z. S., Ruslan, I., Yusriadi, Y., Hamzah, N., & Darmadi, D. (2025). Integrating Islamic Law and Customary Law: Codification and Religious Identity in the Malay Buyan Community of Kapuas Hulu. Journal of Islamic Law, 6(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v6i1.3410
Nurdaim, A. (2024). Tindak Pidana Zina Menurut UU No. 1 Tahun 1946, UU No. 1 Tahun 2023 dan Hukum Islam. Journal of Law and Nation (JOLN), 3(1), 1–13.
Priel, D. (2024). Ways of Explaining Law. The Modern Law Review, 87(2), 497–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12863
Rahmawati, R., Hartiwiningsih, H., Rustamaji, M., Sulistiyanta, S., & Abdillah, M. (2023). Disparitas Hukum Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Kekerasan Seksual Pada Anak. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 8(2 November), 667. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v8i2.7379
Ridwan, R., & Saraswati, P. W. (2024). Enabling Conditions and challenges of Youth Sexual and Reproductive Rights Activism in Indonesia. In Jerusha Conner (Ed.), Handbook on Youth Activism. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Sakhowi, S. (2022). Taqnīn Method of Qānūn Jināyah and Problems of Its Implementation in Aceh, Indonesia. JIL: Journal of Islamic Law, 3(2), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v3i2.817
Sopyan, Y., & Suryani, H. (2020). Marriage with Same Tribes in the Customary Law of Minangkabau Batipuh Ateh (A Legal Anthropology Approach). Jurnal Hukum Islam, 18(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v18i2.3262
Supardin, & Syatar, A. (2021). Adultery Criminalization Spirit in Islamic Criminal Law: Alternatives in Indonesia’s Positive Legal System Reform. Samarah, 5(2), 913–927. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9353
Syamsuar, S., Chapakia, A. O., Hamsa, A., & Amelia, A. (2024). Integration of Maqashid Syaria in Nurcholish Madjid’s Thingking about Principles for Effective Good Governance. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 9(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v9i1.9701
Thalib, M. C. (2023). Implications of Mixed Marriage in the Perspective of Gorontalo Customary Law and Its Reality based on International Private Law Principles. Jambura Law Review, 5(I), 179–198.
Uktolseja, N. (2020). The Existence of Customary Law in Modern Society. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 93(1), 1–10.
Watson, C. W. (2024). Satukangeun Lalangsé: Sundanese Sexuality From Behind the Curtain. In Gender, Islam and Sexuality in Contemporary Indonesia: Vol. III (pp. 189–202). Spinger. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5659-3_10
Wawo, A. W. R., Muhadar, & Azisa, N. (2024). The Role of Traditional Institutions in Resolving Crime through A Restorative Justice Approach in Gowa District. Migration Letters, 21(S4), 12–22. https://migrationletters.com/index.php/ml/article/view/7106
Widyawati, A. (2020). Criminal Policy of Adultery in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 5(1), 107–129. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSV322024.007
Yati, F., Asmadia, T., Rahmat, A., & Syukran Baharuddin, A. (2024). Institutionalization of Islam and Adat: The Legal System of Hak Langgeih in Aceh. Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah, 23(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v23i1.7482
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2025-04-13
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Usman, M. I., Yusuf, M., Yahya, A., Adwani, A., & Gayo, A. (2025). Adultery Offenses in IndonesiaÔÇÖs New Penal Code: Examining the Influence of Islamic and Customary Law. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 24(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v24i1.13208
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