The Formalization of Islamic Attire for Students: Differentiation of Discrimination and Intolerance Paradigms in the Case of Perkada Sharia in West Sumatra
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i1.8606Keywords:
Formalization, Gender, Regional Regulation, Islamic Attire, DiscriminationAbstract
The law on regional autonomy enacted by the central government is like the horns of a dilemma. The central government considers the formalization of religious aspects as a threat to national and state stability, as demonstrated by regional head regulations (Perkada) requiring students in West Sumatra to wear a veil or hijab. This qualitative research employed interviews, observation, and a study of the Supreme Court decision document No. 17/P/HUM/2021. Data were analyzed using normative juridical approaches and Islamic law through several stages, including data reduction, data display, and verification. This research found that the case arose as a result of an allegation that the school forced non-Muslim students to wear veils, which went viral on social media. In response to this allegation, the central government issued a Joint Decree (SKB) of Three Ministers canceling Perkada Number 451.442/BINSOS-III/2005. LKAAM, the customary holder of the Minangkabau community in West Sumatra, then petitioned the Supreme Court for a judicial review. The Supreme Court granted the LKAAM's request, ruling that the SKB was invalid and ordering the three ministries to revoke it. This case's substance alludes to at least two types of debate. First, the three ministers assumed the petitioner and the Supreme Court had no legal standing, while the Supreme Court's decision stated otherwise. Second, the central government viewed the people of West Sumatra through their local government as discriminatory, intolerant, ignoring children's religious aspirations, and ignoring higher regulations, whereas the Supreme Court decision contradicted the three ministers' arguments and supported the LKAAM argument. As a result, LKAAM won legally but not necessarily politically because the central government had labeled the people of West Sumatra as discriminatory and intolerant.References
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Purnomo, A. (2013). Nalar Kritis Atas Positivisme Hukum Studi terhadap Perda Syariat di Indonesia. Justicia Islamica, 10(2), 183. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v10i2.147
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Rasyid, F. A. (2017). Konfigurasi politik hukum ekonomi syariah di Indonesia. Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan, 16(2), 297. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v16i2.297-315
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Salma, S., Fajri, A., Hidayat, T., & Safri, E. (2022). The Other Side of the History of the Formulation of Aceh Jinayat Qanun. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v22i1.21000
Saraini, M., & Kholifah, S. (2018). Implementasi Perda Syariah Sebagai Upaya Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Gender Di Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Sosiologi Pendidikan Humanis, 2(2), 73-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um021v3i2p73-87
Schröter, S. (2009). Red cocks and black hens: Gendered symbolism, kinship, and social practice in the Ngada highlands. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 161(2), 318. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003711
Smedal, O. H. (2011). Unilineal descent and the house – again: The Ngadha, eastern Indonesia. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 167(2–3), 270. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003592
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Wanto, A. (2012). The Paradox Between Political Islam and Islamic Political Parties: The Case of West Sumatera Province. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 50(2), 329. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2012.502.329-368
Warman, A. B., Zulkifli, Yustiloviani, Nabilah, W., & Hayati, R. F. (2023). Strengthening Family Resilience Through Local Wisdom: Pulang Ka Bako Type of Marriage in Minangkabau. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 8(1), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v34i2.3966.5
Yasa, A. (2015). The Development of Indonesian Islamic Law: A Historical Overview. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 9(1), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2015.9.1.101-122
Zada, K. (2023). Sharia and Islamic state in Indonesia constitutional democracy: an Aceh experience. Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 23(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v23i1.1-17
Zainuddin, Z., Efendi, R., Mirdad, J., & Yaacob, S. E. (2022). Siyāsah Shar’iyyah and the Politicization of Religion in the 2019 Indonesian Presidential Election. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(2), 357–384. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v22i2.28165
Zulkarnaini, Z., Ansor, M., & Masyhur, L. S. (2022). Sharia in power: Non-Muslims and the performance of Islamic politics in Aceh Public Sphere, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 12(2), 257–283. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v12i2.257-283
Abrori, A. (2016). Refleksi Teori Kritis Jurgen Habermas atas Konsesus Simbolik Perda Syariah. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 16(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v16i1.2897
Abu Daud. (2003). Sunan Abi Daud Jilid I. Dar al-Fikr.
Afdal, W. (2017). Islamic Law Codification: The Friction on Authority of Islamic Law Establishment. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 1(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v1i01.16567
Aljunied, S. M. K. (2005). Rethinking Raffles: A study of Stamford Raffles’ discourse on religions amongst Malays. Marshall Cavendish Academic.
al-Zuhaili, W. (1986). Ushul al-Fiqh al-Islami I. Dar al-Fikr.
al-Zuhaili, W. (1997). Al-Fiqh al-islami wa Adillatuh Jilid I: Vol. I. Dar al-Fikr.
Ansor, M. (2015). Being Woman in the Land of Shari‘a: Politics of the Female Body, Piety, and Resistance in Langsa, Aceh. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 52(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2014.521.59-83
Anwar, C. (1997). Hukum Adat Indonesia Meninjau Hukum Adat Minangkabau. Rineka Cipta.
Arkadius. (2022). Management of the Minangkabau Natural Indigenous Density Institute (LKAAM) (Padang) [Personal communication].
Azmi, A. (2012). Konstruksi Realitas Pemberlakuan Perda Syariah oleh Koran The Jakarta Post. Humanus, 11(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.24036/jh.v11i1.620
Bahar, F. (Director). (2014). Mayor of Padang Period 2004-2014 (Padang) [Video].
Budiman. (2022). Member of the Regional People’s Representative Council (DPRD) of West Sumatra Province (Padang) [Personal communication].
Dahlan, A. A. (Ed.). (1996). Ensiklopedi Hukum Islam I: Vol. I. Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve.
Danial, D., Samah, M., & Jailani, M. R. (2022). Quo Vadis Acehnese Shari’a: A Critical Approach to the Construction and Scope of Islamic Legislation. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 60(2), 621–654. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2022.602.621-654
Eficandra. (2022). The Reconstruction of High-Inherited Wealth in Minangkabau through Cash Waqf Movement. Juris: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah, 21(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i1.5850
Elfia, Sari, S. M. R., Ikhwan, Bahar, M., & Shalihin, N. (2022). Patterns for Settlement of Punah Inheritance Disputes In the Community of Nagari Salareh Aia from the Perspective of Islamic Law. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 17(2), 480–505. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-Ihkam.v17i2.6246
Fanani, A. F. (2017). The implementation of Sharia bylaws and its negative social outcome for Indonesian women. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 7(2), 153. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v7i2.153-174
Harisudin, M. N. (2015). The Taqnin of Indonesian Islamic Law Dynamic. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 9(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2015.9.1.79-100
Hasballah, A. (1971). Ushul al-Tasyri’ al-Islami. Dar al-Ma’arif.
Hidayat, A. (2012). Non Zero Sum Game Formalisasi Syari`ah dalam Bingkai Konstitusionalisme. Pandecta, 7(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v7i1.2365
Ichwan, Moch. N. (2021). Forbidden Visibility: Queer Activism, Shari‘a Sphere and Politics of Sexuality in Aceh. Studia Islamika, 28(2), 283–317. https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v28i2.15030
Iqbal, M. M. (2014). Dinamika Wacana Formalisasi Syariat dalam Politik: Ikhtiar Menemukan Relevansi Relasi Agama dan Negara Perspektif Indonesia. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 22(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.2014.22.1.260
Jahar, A. S. (2019). Bureaucratizing Sharia in Modern Indonesia: The Case of Zakat, Waqf and Family Law. Studia Islamika, 26(2), 207. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v26i2.7797
Kasdi, A. (2019). Reconstruction of Fiqh Nusantara: Developing the Ijtihad Methodology in Formulating Fiqh from Indonesian Perspective. QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies), 7(2), 239. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v7i2.4797
Kurniawan, K. (2012). Dinamika Formalisasi Syariat Islam di Indonesia. 58.
Lufaefi, L. (2017). Rekonstruksi Jargon Formalisasi Syariat: Upaya Menjaga Persatuan dalam Bingkai Keberagaman. Al-A’raf : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam dan Filsafat, 14(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.22515/ajpif.v14i1.805
Muhtada, D. (2018). Politics, Local Governments, and Sharia By-Laws in Indonesia: Revisiting a Common Assumption. MAZAHIB Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam, 17(2), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v17i2.1347
Nasroen, M. (1957). Dasar Falsafah Adat Minangkabau. Pasaman.
Prayitno, I. (2022). Governor of West Sumatra for the 2010-2015 and 2016-2021 periods (Padang) [Personal communication].
Purnomo, A. (2013). Nalar Kritis Atas Positivisme Hukum Studi terhadap Perda Syariat di Indonesia. Justicia Islamica, 10(2), 183. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v10i2.147
Qodir, Z., Jubba, H., Hidayati, M., & Mutiarin, D. (2022). The Formalization of Sharia in Aceh to Discipline the Female Body. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 60(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2022.601.63-90
Rahmad, M. (2022). Republic of Indonesia Presidential Staff (Jakarta) [Personal communication].
Rahmatiah, H. L., Arbani, T. S., & Damopolii, M. (2022). The Approach of Local Wisdom and Islamic Law to the Establishment of Regional Regulations on Alcoholic Drinks. Samarah, 6(2), 798–822. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.15045
Rasyid, F. A. (2017). Konfigurasi politik hukum ekonomi syariah di Indonesia. Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan, 16(2), 297. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v16i2.297-315
Saiful, T. (2016). Gender Perspektif dalam Formalisasi Syariat Islam di Aceh. Kanun: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 18(2), 235. https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/kanun/article/view/5909
Salma, S., Fajri, A., Hidayat, T., & Safri, E. (2022). The Other Side of the History of the Formulation of Aceh Jinayat Qanun. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v22i1.21000
Saraini, M., & Kholifah, S. (2018). Implementasi Perda Syariah Sebagai Upaya Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Gender Di Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Sosiologi Pendidikan Humanis, 2(2), 73-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um021v3i2p73-87
Schröter, S. (2009). Red cocks and black hens: Gendered symbolism, kinship, and social practice in the Ngada highlands. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 161(2), 318. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003711
Smedal, O. H. (2011). Unilineal descent and the house – again: The Ngadha, eastern Indonesia. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 167(2–3), 270. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003592
Solichin, V. R. (2022). Archbishop of North Sumatra, Riau and West Sumatra (Bergamin Building, Padang) [Personal communication].
Wanto, A. (2012). The Paradox Between Political Islam and Islamic Political Parties: The Case of West Sumatera Province. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 50(2), 329. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2012.502.329-368
Warman, A. B., Zulkifli, Yustiloviani, Nabilah, W., & Hayati, R. F. (2023). Strengthening Family Resilience Through Local Wisdom: Pulang Ka Bako Type of Marriage in Minangkabau. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 8(1), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v34i2.3966.5
Yasa, A. (2015). The Development of Indonesian Islamic Law: A Historical Overview. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 9(1), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2015.9.1.101-122
Zada, K. (2023). Sharia and Islamic state in Indonesia constitutional democracy: an Aceh experience. Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 23(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v23i1.1-17
Zainuddin, Z., Efendi, R., Mirdad, J., & Yaacob, S. E. (2022). Siyāsah Shar’iyyah and the Politicization of Religion in the 2019 Indonesian Presidential Election. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(2), 357–384. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v22i2.28165
Zulkarnaini, Z., Ansor, M., & Masyhur, L. S. (2022). Sharia in power: Non-Muslims and the performance of Islamic politics in Aceh Public Sphere, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 12(2), 257–283. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v12i2.257-283
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2023-06-13
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Jarudin, J., Hermawati, H., Yudhiani, W., Rama, A. S., & Samsudin, M. A. bin. (2023). The Formalization of Islamic Attire for Students: Differentiation of Discrimination and Intolerance Paradigms in the Case of Perkada Sharia in West Sumatra. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 22(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i1.8606
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