Reconfiguring Classical Islamic Sales Contracts in the Digital Economy: A Fiqh Muamalah Perspective on Emerging Transaction Models
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31958/jisrah.v7i01.17141Abstract
The rapid proliferation of digital technology has fundamentally transformed the economic transaction ecosystem. Conventional forms of commerce have progressively migrated to digital platforms encompassing marketplaces, e-commerce, financial technology (fintech), and social media, generating legal challenges that demand rigorous examination within the framework of fiqh muamalah. This study pursues three interrelated objectives: (1) to comprehensively analyse and classify the forms of sale and purchase recognised in fiqh muamalah; (2) to identify how those forms are implemented within the contemporary digital trading ecosystem; and (3) to evaluate the normative relevance and adaptive capacity of fiqh muamalah principles in responding to the dynamics of the digital economy. A qualitative descriptive-analytic library research design was adopted. Primary data were drawn from the Qur'an, authenticated Prophetic hadith, and classical fiqh muamalah compendia. Secondary data comprised Scopus- and SINTA-indexed academic journals, Islamic economics textbooks, relevant DSN-MUI fatwas, and regulations issued by Bank Indonesia and the Financial Services Authority (OJK). Data were analysed through systematic content analysis and normative hermeneutics. The findings demonstrate that permitted forms of sale—namely samsarah, ba'i al-muzayadah, ba'i al-taqsith, ba'i al-wafa', and ba'i al-mu'athah—can be adaptively operationalised within digital trading platforms. Conversely, practices involving gharar, najasy, bai'atain fi bai'ah, bai' al-'inah, and ihtikar remain prohibited, as they generate systemic injustice and consumer harm that is arguably amplified in the digital context. The overarching finding is that fiqh muamalah possesses high normative elasticity, sustaining relevance across technological change by anchoring commerce to enduring principles of justice, transparency, and public interest (maslahah). The practical implication is the urgent need to strengthen digital fiqh literacy among entrepreneurs, consumers, and Islamic economic regulators.References
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