Exploring PAI Students' Critical Thinking Competencies for Seizing Society 5.0 Era Opportunities Using Mixed-Methods Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31958/jt.v29i1.16489Keywords:
critical thinking skills, Islamic Education students, Society 5.0, higher education, mixed methodsAbstract
Critical thinking is a key competency for navigating the Society 5.0 era. In reality, the critical thinking abilities of Islamic Education students still vary across various aspects. This study aims to explore the level of critical thinking, identify development efforts, and analyze the obstacles encountered. The study employed a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire administered to 105 sixth-semester students and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviews and documentation, then analyzed through the stages of data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion and verification. The results indicate that students’ critical thinking skills fall into the high category at 82.24%. All aspects of critical thinking achieved high levels. Development efforts include the application of critical thinking in learning, the use of student-centered models and strategies, the utilization of learning technology, and HOTS-based assessment. The challenges identified included differences in students’ initial abilities, time constraints, a learning approach that remains rote-memorization-oriented, low self-confidence, limited facilities and infrastructure, and a lack of training for instructors. The study concluded that PAI students’ critical thinking skills are generally good but still vary and require further development. Unlike previous studies that measured these skills through experimental treatments, this study did not examine the factors causing such variations. These findings should be taken into consideration by faculty members and the department to improve the quality of instruction so that students’ critical thinking skills can develop more optimally.
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Rusdiyana, A. F., Widyartono, D., & Taufiqurrahman, F. (2025). Kesulitan Guru dalam Mengembangkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Kelas XI SMA melalui Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. GHANCARAN: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 7(1), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.19105/ghancaran.v7i1.15909
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Winarti, E. R., & Waluya, B. (2018). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Melalui Problem Based Learning Dengan Peer Feedback Activity.
With, P. L., & Sites, G. (2024). Exploring student creativity and collaboration through project-based learning with google sites. 10(2), 308–322. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i2.40215
Yu, M., Liu, Z., Long, T., Li, D., Deng, L., Kong, X., & Sun, J. (2025). Exploring cognitive presence patterns in GenAI-integrated six-hat thinking technique scaffolded discussion: an epistemic network analysis. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-025-00545-x
Agustina, N. laras. (2019). Peluangdan Tantangan Pendidikan di Era Industri 4.0 dan Society 5.0.
Algooth Putranto, Haryati, Titis Gandariani, Mitrayati, Yuliza Andriyani Siregar, & Rizky Brehnaputrifajar Khaerudin. (2025). Keterkaitan Tingkat Literasi Digital dan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis di Kalangan Mahasiswa Era Society 5.0. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Dan Riset Pendidikan, 4(1), 2532–2539. https://doi.org/10.31004/jerkin.v4i1.1994
Amrullah, Mustofa, M., & Fuhaidah, U. (2022). Collaborative Learning and Mini Research Assignments on The History of Islamic Educational Thought : The Impact of Students ’ Critical Thinking Ability Openness and globalization have transformed human life fundamentally in the 21st century , compared to. 13(1), 31–46.
Anthony Velec and Bing Huang. (2014). “Quantitative Methodologies and Analysis,” in Research for the Radiation Therapist: From Question to Culture, ed. David J. Gillan et al. Routledge.
Atris Yuliarti Mulyani. (2022). Pengembangan Critical Thinking Dalam Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan di Indonesia. DIAJAR: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 1(1), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.54259/diajar.v1i1.226
Ennis S. (2015). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis. Rineka Cipta.
Fridayani, J. A., Riastuti, A., & Jehamu, M. A. (2022). Analisis Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis pada Mahasiswa. 7(3).
Hakim Nasution, F., Syahran Jailani, M., & Junaidi, R. (2024). Kombinasi (Mixed-Methods) Dalam Praktis Penelitian Ilmiah. Journal Genta Mulia, 15(2), 251–256. https://ejournal.stkipbbm.ac.id/index.php/gm
Herlina, L., Remana, M. T., & Nurcahya, M. A. (2022). Pembelajaran Project-Based Learning dalam Meningkatkan Berpikir Kritis Siswa. Bidayatuna Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Mandrasah Ibtidaiyah, 5(2), 162–172. https://doi.org/10.54471/bidayatuna.v5i2.1660
Idris, M. (2022). Pendidikan Islam dan Era Society 5.0 ; Peluang dan Tantangan Bagi Mahasiswa PAI Menjadi Guru Berkarakter. Belajea: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.29240/belajea.v7i1.4159
Int, R., Technol, J. E., Educ, H., Bayne, S., & Ross, J. (2024). Speculative futures for higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00469-y
Jabali, O., Hamamra, B., & Ayyoub, A. (2024). Critical thinking, assessment, and educational policy in Palestinian universities. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-024-00160-9
Karolina, A. (2018). The Implementation of Brain Based Learning to Improve Students’ Critical Thinking Ability in Islamic Education Philosophy Course in PAI Study Program STAIN Curup. Cendekia: Jurnal Kependidikan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 16(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.21154/cendekia.v16i1.1265
Ketua Prodi PAI. (n.d.). Wawancara.
Kumar.R, R., & James, R. (2015). Evaluation of Critical Thinking in Higher Education in Oman. International Journal of Higher Education, 4(3), p33. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v4n3p33
Laila Siregar, H. (2024). Analisis Pengembangan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa Dalam Mata Kuliah Pendidikan Agama Islam. Jurnal IHSAN Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2(2), 134–150. https://doi.org/10.61104/ihsan.v2i2.194
Marlina, R. (2020). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa Melalui Pengalaman Belajar Di Organisasi Kemahasiswaan. Bhineka Tunggal Ika: Kajian Teori dan Praktik Pendidikan PKn, 7(2), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.36706/jbti.v7i2.12688
Marvic Sciberras dan Alexiei Dingli. (2023). Investigating AI Readiness in the Maltese Public Administration. Springer.
Maryam S, Setiawati, Ekasari, M, F. (2008). Buku ajar berpikir kritis dalam proses keperawatan. EGC.
Mellysa Barus, E. (2020). Tingkat Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa Farmasi Pada Mata Ajar Biologi Sel. JIFI (Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Imelda), 4(1), 11–14. https://doi.org/10.52943/jifarmasi.v4i1.378
Munawaroh, S., & Siswono, T. Y. E. (2021). Eksplorasi Berpikir Kritis Siswa dalam Aktivitas Collaborative Problem Solving Pada Penerapan Barisan dan Deret. MATHEdunesa, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.26740/mathedunesa.v10n2.ppdf_181-188
Novi Indah Lestari, at. al. (2025). Development of PBL-Based Student Worksheets to Improve Students’ Critical Thinking Skills in Biology Subjects. JURNAL TA’DIB, 28(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31958/jt.v28i1.14893
Olenggius Jiran Dores, E. al. (n.d.). Analisis kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa pada mata pelajaran matematika 1. 242–254.
Paramudia, Amansyah, F., & Asima. (2021). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pengembangan Critical Thinking Mahasiswa Pada Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris Bisnis. Bidang Ilmu Administrasi, Akuntansi, Bisnis, Manajemen, Dan Humaniora, 188–193.
Priatna, N., Lorenzia, S. A., & Widodo, S. A. (2020). STEM education at junior high school mathematics course for improving the mathematical critical thinking skills. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(3), 1173–1184. https://doi.org/10.17478/JEGYS.728209
Primandiri, P. R., Rohmania, Q. N., Afifah, I. N., & Santoso, A. M. (2025). Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran ASICC untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa SMAN 1 Kediri. PTK: Jurnal Tindakan Kelas, 5(2), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.53624/ptk.v5i2.575
Rahayu, D. (2024). Developing “I Can Adapt” Science Module Using RIAS Learning for Enhanced Critical Thinking. Ta’dib Journal, 2(1), 233–246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31958/jt.v27i1.10392
Rusdiyana, A. F., Widyartono, D., & Taufiqurrahman, F. (2025). Kesulitan Guru dalam Mengembangkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Kelas XI SMA melalui Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. GHANCARAN: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 7(1), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.19105/ghancaran.v7i1.15909
Saputra, H. (2024). BERSATU: Jurnal Pendidikan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Penguatan Kemampuan Peserta Didik Dalam Menghadapi Era Society 5.0 Melalui Pembelajaran Matematika. BERSATU: Jurnal Pendidikan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, 2, 387–302. https://doi.org/10.51903/bersatu.v2i2.640
Sugiono. (2005). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan; Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D.
Suparni, S. (2020). Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa Menggunakan Bahan Ajar Berbasis Integrasi Interkoneksi. Jurnal Derivat: Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika, 3(2), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.31316/j.derivat.v3i2.716
Suryani, Y., Jumantini, E., Ramadan, D. J., Iskandar, I., & Pratiwi, R. T. (2025). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa Melalui Lesson Study. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 6(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.59141/japendi.v6i1.6641
SW, Ketua Prodi PAI, 11 Agustus. (2025). Wawancara.
UU. No. 12 tahun 2012, pasal 1 poin ke-2. (n.d.).
Winarti, E. R., & Waluya, B. (2018). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Melalui Problem Based Learning Dengan Peer Feedback Activity.
With, P. L., & Sites, G. (2024). Exploring student creativity and collaboration through project-based learning with google sites. 10(2), 308–322. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i2.40215
Yu, M., Liu, Z., Long, T., Li, D., Deng, L., Kong, X., & Sun, J. (2025). Exploring cognitive presence patterns in GenAI-integrated six-hat thinking technique scaffolded discussion: an epistemic network analysis. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-025-00545-x
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